Social Networking with Wal-Mart Essay Example for Free

Social Networking with Wal-Mart EssayThe final assignment for this transmission line is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is for you to culminate the showing achieved in the argumentation by completing a final research watch on fundamental lawal communication processes. The Final Project re collapses 25% of the overall course grade.Focus of the Final PaperThe final research project requires you to make a specific field relevant to organizational communication processes, research that topic incorporating sources (literature review), analyze the issue in a real world organization, and present your findings. The final paper should be 8-10 pages (excluding title and reference pages), double spaced, and formatted in APA. point an organizational communication concept that is particularly interesting to you and that you would like to learn more about. Potential topics include international and intercultural communication, communication competence in the workplace, i nnovation and communication, leadership communication, communication and decision making, communication in groups/teams, and communication engine room in organizations.Identify an organization with which you are familiar and apply your research on the communication concept you selected to the organization. What did you learn about the concept by applying it to your selected organization? What did you learn about the organization by applying the organizational communication concept? pop the question a specific program, training or course of action that you swear could potentially improve communication in the organization. Be sure your recommendations are back up by analysis of yourresearch. Use at least six resources, collar of them from Ashfords online library databasesCarefully chooFind needed answers here https//bitly.com/12BM3OrCarefully necessitate what you want to major in. Do not pick a major just because it is popular, or it is what your parents want you to study. You need to choose a market that you commode see yourself in for years to come, as choosing the wrong major could lead to unhappiness.Business General BusinessFinal PaperThe final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is for you to culminate the learning achieved in the course by completing a final research project on organizational communication processes. The Final Project represents 25% of the overall course grade.Focus of the Final PaperThe final research project requires you to choose a specific topic relevant to organizational communication processes, research that topic incorporating sources (literature review), analyze the issue in a real world organization, and present your findings. The final paper should be 8-10 pages (excluding title and reference pages), double spaced, and formatted in APA.Identify an organizational communication concept that is particularly interesting to you and that you would like to learn more about. Potential top ics include international and intercultural communication, communication competence in the workplace, diversity and communication, leadership communication, communication and decision making, communication in groups/teams, and communication technology in organizations.Identify an organization with which you are familiar and apply your researchon the communication concept you selected to the organization. What did you learn about the concept by applying it to your selected organization? What did you learn about the organization by applying the organizational communication concept? Propose a specific program, training or course of action that you believe could potentially improve communication in the organization. Be sure your recommendations are supported by analysis of your research. Use at least six resources, three of them from Ashfords online library databases

The game of volleyball Essay Example for Free

The biz of volley gawk EssayThe object of the game of Volleyball is for individually team to send the ball on a regular basis over the net to ground it on the opponents apostrophize, and to prevent the ball from being grounded on its own court. Basic Outline of play The instrumentalist on the back right position serves the ball by clearting it over the net to the opponents court. A team is not allowed to hit the ball three times in attempt to return the ball to the opponents court. A player is not allowed to hit the ball double consecutively, unless attempting to block the ball. The rally continues until the ball hits the ground/floor, goes out of bounds or a team fails to return it to the opponents court or commits a fault. Scoring SystemsThe best of three or cinque games will win the match. The team that scores 25 points first with a minimum two-point advantage wins a game. If there is a deciding game, that game will be won by the team that first scores 15 points with a minimum two-point advantage. fount out Scoring Side out scoring is another way to score a Volleyball match.The team serving is the only team that lav score a point, except in the deciding game when rally-point scoring system is used. When the receiving team wins a rally, they gain the right to serve but do not gain a point and its players slip one position clockwise. Rotation ensures that players play at both the net and the back zone of the court. A team wins a game by scoring 15 points with a two-point advantage. Further, they win the match by winning the best of three or five games. In the event of a 16-16 tie, the team that scores the 17th point wins a non-deciding game with only a one-point advantage. In a deciding game there is not point cap.The Basic Rules and Regulations of Volleyball ========================================== ==== The Serve ( A ) Server mustiness serve from behind the restraining line (end line)(refer to court diagram) until after contact. ( B ) Ball w hitethorn be served underhand or overhand. ( C ) Ball must be all the way visible to opponents before serve. ( D ) Served ball must clear the net without touching the net. Failure results in a emplacement out. ( E ) First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be served by the previous game loser.( F ) Serve must be returned by a bump (dig) only. No mountain or attacking a serve. A. a server must serve from behind the restraining line until after contact. B. The ball may be served underhanded or overhanded. C. The ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve. D. Served ball must clear the net without touching the net. Failure results in a side out. E. A volley determines first game serve, the previous game loser shall serve each subsequent game. F. The serve must be returned by a bump only. No setting or attacking a serve. Rotation.( A ) Team will rotate each time they win the serve. ( B ) impostors shall rotate in a clockwise manner. ( C ) Th ere shall be 4-6 players on each side. Playing the Game (Volley) - ( A ) Maximum of three hits per side. ( B ) Player may not hit the ball twice in succession ( A block is not considered a hit ). ( C ) Ball may be played off the net except on serve. ( D ) A ball touching a boundary line is good. ( E ) A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body above and including the waist which does not allow the ball to visibly coiffure to a rest.( F ) If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and the players involved may not participate in the side by side(p) play. ( G ) A player must not block or attack a serve. ( H ) Switching positions will be allowed only among front line players. (After the serve only). Basic Violations - ( A ) Stepping on or over the line on a serve. ( B ) Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully. ( C ) Hitting the ball illegally (Carrying, Palming, Throwing, etc. ). ( D ) Touches of the net with any part of th e body while the ball is in play.If the ball is driven into the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play. ( E ) Reaching over the net, except under these conditions 1 When executing a follow-through. 2 When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being returned (the blocker must not contact the ball until after the opponent who is attempting to return the ball makes contact).Except to block the third play. ( F ) Reaches under the net (if it interferes with the ball or opposing player). ( G ) Failure to serve in the correct order. ( H ) Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line (refer to court diagram) while in a back row position. The Court Playing Area Both indoor and out-of-door courts are 18 m x 9mi (296 x 59). Indoor courts also include an attack area designated by a line 3 m (910) back from the center line. Lines on the court are 5cm (2 wide). last Height Net height for men, co-ed mixed 6, outdoor is 2. 43 meters or 711-5/8. Net height for women, 74-1/8.The height of the net shall be 8. Ball The ball weighs between 9 and 10 ounces. Ball pressure is between 4. 5 and 6. 0 pounds notification and Analysis For an analysis of the volleyball sport, we observed a 2 minute clip of a volleyball game between the red and green team. The 2 minute period revolved around the service of a player from the red team (6 serves were successfully executed before the opposition went for the kill which resulted in a side out). I observed each serve and detailed the plays of each team (red and green) for that particular serve.

Restriction on the Entry of New Firm

Restriction on the En try of New FirmMonopoly is a item-by-item seller and large anatomy of buyers. There is a undivided seller producing a commodity that has no close substitute. The monopoly securities industry is still exclusively by mutually beneficial exchange of loyal hold up and numerous. too that, investigate the impact of a relaxation of the multiple firms assumption on equilibrium.Introduction to monopolyMonopoly is a form of market structure where in that location is a single seller producing a commodity that has no close substitutes. There is no difference between firm and manufacturing and monopoly form as im double-dyed(a) market. as well that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services.2.1 Characteristics of MonopolyThere be some device characteristics of monopoly market.One seller and large number of buyersThe one of monopoly characteristic is one seller and large number of buyers is large and the size of each firm is very teentsy. The number of buyers also large and this firm buttnot influence the market legal injury. So basically, individual firm does not bother about the reactions of the firm. Besides that, adjusts its sale to earn maximum simoleonss and the price given under perfect aspiration. The demand of individual buyers relative to the organic demand. And so small that cannot influence the price of the convergence by his individual action.Product has no lose substitutesThe second characteristics is, product differentiation, there is product ar close substitutes but not perfect substitutes. Its means, products are alike but not equal. For an example, Colgate toothpaste is slightly different from Darlie toothpaste. Otherwise, similarly dettol soap is different from life swim soap. But if the buyers can find any substitutes for toothpaste and soap means, may be the differences is real or imaginary but its create attachments. Consumers prefer one product to other, under monopolistic contention. Monopoly c annot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product because consumers or buyers could not find any renewal for the product.Restriction on the accession of new firm.The third characteristics of the monopoly are, firm under monopolistic are easy to entry and leave the industry. Barriers are not entry is natural or legal restriction that restricts the entry of new firms into the industry. Hence, a firm has legal control over other firms. There is restricting competition in the market.AdvertisingIn monopoly market, advertising is depends to the product sold. If the product is good and services means, the monopoly needs make advertisement to inform consumers on the goods. So that, its try to establish goods of its witness products. By the advertising, consumers can know their selling costs. However, if the products are not luxury goods such as water service, electricity service, and local bring forward service, then the seller no need to create any advertisement. This is because a lot of the buyers know that where are the places and locations to get and purchase these a few(prenominal) products.2.1.1 DiagramThe monopolizer and Profit maximizationIn the diagram, the quantity of produced and price charged has own control for both of it. That also, entire demand curve for goods and services produced. So that, it bequeath facing a downward slopping demand curve in the diagram. Equivalently, a monopoly never operates in the inelastic portion of its demand curve.Monopolist Profit MaximizationWhat happens if the monopolist later faces a demand curve such as D1? In that case, the monopolist cannot cover costs and will go out of business.2.1.2 Demand, fringy Revenue, and Elasticityhttp//cyro.cs-territories.com/asa2_economics/unit4/images/monopolisticcompetitionlongrun1.pngIn the diagram, demand curve is elastic as there numerous firms. So that, there is lack of close substitutes. The profits shown as perverted where the shaded area and competitor the s hort run.As shown in the graph above, a monopolist facing demand curve D0 will produce quantity Q0 and the price charged will be equal to P0.2.1.3 ConclusionAll in all, monopoly put one across intravenous feeding characteristics of structure. Besides that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services. The monopoly market is still solely by mutually beneficial exchange of firm exist and many.3.0 Difference between perfective tense competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopolyPerfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly have their own severally features. Their characteristic of their four markets is not same. In monopoly, the market structure in which there is only one producer and seller for a product. Oligopoly is only few firms that make up an industry and select group of firms has control over the price. Monopoly and oligopoly has high barriers to entry. Then, monopoly structure is opposite for perfect competition. Perfect compe tition are has many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and there are many substitutes.3.1 Differentiate between perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly3.1.1 Perfect competitionPerfect competition is a market is a possible market where competition is at its greatest in possible level. The products are homogeneous and seller can easily insert and exit from their market.Number of seller and buyersPerfect competition is very large numbers of firms in the market. Perfect competition also cosmea of large number of buyers and sellers. There is no dominating firm and all firms are usually small and are price takers, because the individual sales mickle is relatively small compared to market volume. Perfect competition also, has many buyers and sellers, many products that are similar in nature and as a result, many substitutes. This ensures that no single firm can exert market control over price or quantity. If one firm decides to dou ble its output or kibosh producing entirely, the market is unaffected. The price does not change and there is no discernible change in the quantity exchanged in the market.Unrestricted to entry and existThe second characteristics of perfect competition is there are unrestricted on the entry and exist of both buyers and sellers. A firm can easily enter into perfect competition market and leave the market at any time, if that firm cannot continue the firm. The absence of such barriers does not affect the prices, and there is of all time a substitute for suppliers, who enters and leaves if, wants. If any losses occur the firm will exist the industry without any reason. This is important to understand the empty entry and free exist is possible in the long-time firm.Homogeneous productThere another condition of perfect competition is homogeneous product that is a product furnish for sale by seller. It must be goods offers for sale and perfect substitutes of one another seller. One fir m cannot differentiate the same products sold in the industry because buyers can identify the difference in terms of colors, quality and packing. There is mean, even though the products are same in nature but there is difference in terms of quality. Seller cannot raise the price above the prevailing price or lower the price. Homogeneity of product has an important signification for the market if products of different seller. Besides that, buyers not care who they buy from, as long as the price is same.Maximum profitsIn the perfect competition, profit maximization determine by the quantity of product they sell. The marginal cost by the product of a single unit of the product is equal to the marginal revenue. Total revenue and total cost approach are the profit maximization. When the cost is lowest, and then only can be maximum profit.3.1.2 Monopolistic competitionThe concept monopolistic competition is much realistic than perfect competition. Monopolistic competition market each fi rm has its own price policy. The most things from another thing feature of monopolistic competition are the products of various firms are not identified. But they are close substitutes for each others. In the case, monopolistic and perfect competition is characteristic by the existence of sellers. The firms do not produce perfect substitutes. Otherwise, each firm has a small percentage of the total monopolistic market and thus has limited control over market price.Product differentiates.Under monopolistic competition, product differentiation may entail physical or qualities differences in the products by their selves. There output product are differentiated between which are relatively close substitutes for each other. So that, that product prices cannot be very much different from each other. Product differentiated by location, services, designs, and brand names. The firms in monopolistic competition will differentiated their products and make them more appealing to the customers i n order to maximize their profits.Control over priceIn the short run of monopolistic competition acts like monopoly. Its can add their prices in at time because they differentiated their product. It is a unique feature of monopolistic competition. In such type of market, due to product differentiation, every firm has to incur some additional expenditure in the form of selling cost. This cost includes sales promotion expenses, advertisement expenses, and salaries of marketing staff. But on accountancy of homogeneous product in perfect competition and zero competition in monopoly, selling cost does not exist there.3.1.3 OligopolyIn an oligopoly, there are only a few firms that make up an industry. This select group of firms has control over the price and, like a monopoly an oligopoly has high barriers to entry. Main characteristic of oligopoly is interdependence of firms in the industry. Sum more, in the oligopoly market, all firms can earn abnormal profits in the long run because, the entry of new firms are difficult. Oligopoly is not like monopolistic market, because if firms change the prices or output, it has noticed effects on the sales and profits of its competitors.Small number of large firmApproaches from small number of large firm are each which is relatively large compared to the overall size of market. Under oligopoly, few firms control the overall industry and there is no specific number of firms that must control the market.Homogeneous of differentiated productUnder oligopoly, when a product sold that can be each a homogeneous or a differentiated product. For example, petroleum, steel and etc. and also, oligopoly focus on goods sold. Basically, people have different wants needs and thus relish variety. Such as, automobiles and computers.Barriers no entryBarriers no entry is similar to monopoly market. The oligopoly firms will restrict new entry into the market. In this industry, a few huge firms own most of the available iron ore, a necessary ra w material for steel production. Once the new firms are out of the market, there large firms funk the production will increase the price. In these cases, barriers to entry are low, and it also as small investment may be required to enter the market structure.3.1.4 MonopolyMonopoly can be considered opposite of perfect competition. It is a market form in which there are only sellers. Even though, there are many factors to rise up monopoly market. There is only one supplier and the demand curve that individual firms face is the market demand curve. A monopoly firm is deemed to have considerable control over the price of its product. In the case a monopoly can also arise if a company owns the entire supply of a necessary material needed to produce a product.3.1.5 ConclusionCharacteristicPerfect oppositionMonopolistic CompetitionOligopolyMonopolyNumber of firms truly many an(prenominal)ManyFewOneType of ProductHomogeneousDifferentiatedHomogeneous / DifferentiatedOnly product of its k ind(no close substitute)Ease of entryVery easyRelatively easyNot EasyImpossiblePrice Setting powerNil(Price taker)SomewhatLimitedAbsolute(Price Maker)Non Price CompetitionNoneConsiderableConsiderable for a differentiated oligopolySomewhatProductive efficiencyHighly efficientLess EfficientLess Efficient wastefulLong run profits00PositiveHighExamplesDoesnt Exist agriculture closeFast Food, retails stores, cosmeticsCars, Steel, soft drinks, cerealsSmall town newspaper, cracker-barrel gas station4.0 Conclusion and recommendationsIn the whole assignments, I learned about microeconomics subject ant it is a very important subject to whom victorious business course. The subject teaches every student about business skills and helps to learn about business knowledge of economics.In first question, I know the characteristics of monopoly. I also learn the differentiated of monopoly in the markets. The second question is about the differentiate between perfect competition, monopolistic competi tion, monopoly and oligopoly markets. From this question, I learned about the four characteristics of the markets such as the four markets are not same all the times.In spite of this assignment, I thank to my lecturer and coordinator for guide us to do this introduction to business. I appreciate from this assignment that I can know well about the business chapters.Appendix

Eyewitness Testimony Essay

Eye escort Testimony EssayThe social function of mantrap good word is infamously a primary source of testify phthisisd within the judicial system around the world however its habituate has raised various psyches as to its reliability and validity especially within court cases. This essay explored jump of all, the biological factors of memory and recall of memories within the military personnel brain. Memories are believed to be inclosed and touch on within the hippocampus dissever of the brain where it goes by the multi-store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968). This is where danger of the reliability of memory occurs. It was argued that witness tribute is a reliable imprint of evidence especially with its validity in margins of the events starring(p) up to the employ of EWT what is deemed important training is believed to be remembered more clearly. Sigmund Freud (1920) suggested that memories cigarette only be retrieved by encouraging remembering by episodes and re-instating these past memories into their consciousness. Psychologists Nibett and Ross (1980) quoted that the reason why eyewitness tribute is persuasive is that it fixs the jury on a deeper level. However, eyewitness testimony make up more disadvantages than advantages with the various factors that affect it such as guns focus in haps involving weapons which cause distractions and loss of memories. The primary psychologist that tested the use of memory was Elizabeth Loftus who conducted various try to test this, such as the Automobile Destruction experiment in the 1970s. After having collated all the arguments together, it was suggested that rectifyments must be made in ramble to improve the quality of eyewitness testimony these included the legal system and police forces involvement in collating schooling as quickly as contingent.The close adjuratory form of evidence when investigating a nuisance is the h one and only(a)sty of witnesses on trial, the applicati on of eyewitness testimony. Though the use of eyewitness testimony by juries is considered about valuable, the hesitancy of fallibility of witness statements poses various problems and issues. witness testimony has been a thriving aspect of the Criminal Justice System, an incredible come of research into this element of cognitive psychology questions the reliability of pecks memory especially using it as evidence to determine the outcome of the trial and convictions. Research into the reliability of evidence, often referred to as witness psychology is renowned as macrocosm the longest established area of law and psychology, dating back to the beginning of the 20th century.1The area of eyewitness testimony has always posed a problem with reliability and the effectiveness of humans memory. Human memory is described by cognitive psychologists Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)2as a tierce coif theory in which memory is modelled in, this memory phase model is called the Multi-Store Model. The Multi-store model theory consists of the memory being divided into three stages, the first stage being the sensory store, the second stage is the short term memory (working memory) and the ternion being long term memory. The transfer of randomness from one store to an an contrastive(prenominal) is controlled by the assist of attention and rehearsal of memories. One of the most critical assumptions made by cognitive psychologists is that the human mind has a curb capacity for impact information. Therefore, any(prenominal) external information that the environment consists of is often very difficult for the human mind to assimilate and process so people are selective about what information is to be retrieved and this is differently known as attention, where some information is assimilated while other pieces are ignored.The first stage of the multi-store model, the sensory store, is where the information from the senses (iconic, echoic, tactile, olfactory and gustato ry), is transferred into but this is only for a very short period of conviction. The initial information retrieved by the senses is then transferred into the short term memory store this is transferred through attention given to the information transferred from the senses compound. When the information has been transferred into the short-term memory store, this is the store concerned with forgetting information and this information is ultimately garbled alone. Therefore, for information to be remained in the memory, from the short term store into the long term store, the information must be rehearsed. Rehearsal is the cycling of information through the memory, this rehearsal of memory sewer be carried out in two different methods.Therefore this essay volition investigate whether the application of eyewitness testimony statements is a reliable form of evidence to be used by the judicial system. Furthermore, this essay will argue whether eyewitness testimony is ideal to use as o ne of the most important pieces of evidence to use or whether the application of eyewitness testimony is fallible. After comparing for and against the reliability of eyewitness accounts, an evaluation will be drawn over how eyewitness testimony female genital organ be improved to an extent where it derriere be further accurate. This essay will explore the elements of eyewitness testimony and how these factors can determine whether an eyewitness account is accurate. These elements include the effect of weapon focus on witness memory, how leading questions can manipulate witness statements and recollection of memory, reconstructive errors of memory and the application of mental experiments when exploring the function of these elements on the human memory. The application of the eyewitness testimony includes multiple testicle questioning sessions with witnesses on trial, taking statements of the events witnessed and witnesses appearing in court with the jury. The issue of integrit y when applying eyewitness testimony accounts is delegated to the jury, who are assigned the role of determining the feeling of whether the eyewitness statements are fallible or reliable3. The use of eyewitness testimony has a profound and compelling effect on the outcome of a trial and conviction, and this is why an accurate eyewitness testimony is geted in install to gain justice.The Aspects of Eyewitness TestimonyAs a consequence of the limitations of information processing in the human mind, witness statements need to be reviewed for accuracy and if any external factors of either the environment or the function of memory may have affected the outcome of the witness account4. Quite often, when the memory cannot recall the entire incident or situation, it may result in the outlander areas being replaced by events that may never have took place in reality but the mind may perceive as a capability occurrence and therefore causes fallibility in the eyewitness testimony. In ess ence, the memory may fill in gaps where it fails to recall what may have happened5. Many factors affect eyewitness memories which are illustrated belowInterference of Memory Processing The period of time that has lapse between the witnessing of the incident and the questioning of the eyewitness can determine the amount of information that the witness can recall. On the other hand, hurly burly which is the loss of old stimuli as a result of new information can also subsequently reduce the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.6Leading Questions in Witness Interviews A leading question in its form or content, suggests to the witness being interviewed what answer is desired or leads them to the desired answer. Some questions can often be made more suggestive than others and these questions the legal concept of a leading question. The main pioneer for investigating the consequences of particular leading questions was Elizabeth F. Loftus in 1974.7Schemas The human mind has evolved its memor y capacity and the ability to remember trustworthy aspects by organising information into categories, otherwise known as schemas8. Schemas help organise memories that can consist of familiar people, objects and situations and allow people to understand and act appropriately to whatever is encountered.Arousal, fretting and Violence Distraction Quite often, cognitive psychologists have questioned the poor recall of eyewitness accounts is primarily a result of where their attention is focused upon. A possible reason for stimulant, anxiety and violence distraction could be that a violent incident, with the use of weapons, draws the focus of the witnesss attention away from who is causing this anxiety, which results in little or no processing of other information.9Weapon Focus When a witness views a crime in which a weapon is used as a method of violence and distraction, the weapon achieves its purpose in distracting the attention of those witnessing the crime. The distraction affects the witnesss attention due to the effectiveness threat of violence9.External Influences Quite often, external influences can affect the accuracy of eyewitness accounts, especially if the media has been influencing the events that have taken place. The witness may re-interpret their witness statements to match what the media has claimed may have existed or happened. Apart from the media, other external influences may include other witness accounts of what happened and/or the type of environment that the situation may have occurred in, e.g. in darkness, low-lit room etc. accordance of rights Through the questioning process that witnesses must endure, group questioning in particular, gives into reason the reliability of witness recollections as they may conform in order to see separately others interpretation of what happened.Reliability of Eyewitness TestimonyThe use of eyewitness testimony has provided crucial evidence that can often lead to the acknowledgment and arrest of a cr iminal suspect or a hazardous event can be avoided. Eyewitness testimony upholds strongly upon the trial process and the verdicts that are given by the jury are sort of a often influenced heavily by eyewitness accounts. Stern and Dunning, 199410quoted that eyewitness testimony is perhaps the most compelling types of evidence presented to police investigations and criminal trials.Although the human memory and its information processing ability, has substantial amounts of limitations that can lead to invalidity and inaccuracy, it does however, demonstrate a preposterous ability to process information where the acquired stimulus information is stored. The human mind can potentially hold millions of pieces of information, though not all at once, which when acquired by the brain can be reinstated and remembered. The memories that the mind deems as important for growth and use consistently is life are episonic which represents the episode of the memory where as certain skill or piece of information semantic which identifies what that piece of information consists of and what it is and finally procedural which processes who that information is to be used or handled. For example, teaching a child how to read a book at a particular age is episonic, knowing what a book is, is semantic and how to read the words in a book would be procedural.11The process of information being transferred from the short term memory into the long term memory was an experiment conducted by psychologists Welch and Burnett in 1924. The experiment was to test the theory of the concomitant position curve where it consisted of the subjects being presented with a list of 16 words in which they had to recall in order. The results of this experiment, illustrated the serial position curve in which the recollection of words and the results of the experiment were graphed and this illustrated a curve effect were the last recalled words were remembered best whereas the words in the set of the recal l were remembered poorly.Cognitive psychologist, Sigmund Freud believed that memories were allocated in the brain12. Freud referred to these memories as true memories and described that they lay deep in the unconscious element of the brain, where they lay undisturbed as a factor of surface mental activity. Freud insisted that these memories were never lost or forgotten as they are only inaccessible and latent, having become a part of the unconscious13. For these memories to be accessed, Freud promoted the technique free association. By encouraging witnesses to reminisce about past episodes that have occurred within their lives, Freud insinuated that they could reinstate long-forgotten yet important memories from their past into their consciousness. However, it can be argued that the true memories that Freud insisted exist in the human sub-conscious are in fact potential complex blendings of both fact and fiction. Memory is an entirely fragile aspect of the human mind that can pote ntially be supplemented, altered and reconstructed by external stimuli that can question an event that may never have occurred.However, it is argued that the human mind is capable of remembering significant pieces of information that is considered life-sustaining and important. This is considered one of the key factors in which juries do consider eyewitness testimony accounts as a indispensable piece of evidence. Psychologists Nibett and Ross, 1980 quoted that the reason why eyewitness testimony is persuasive is that vivid testimonies have a strong impact on observers so this conclusively means that they are easier to remember especially upon the jury14. Though the potential invalidity of eyewitness accounts is extensive, error made in witness accounts are extraneous when the observers are able to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate witnesses15. However, there may be a possibility that the eyewitness account is accurate but leading questions by the criminal investigation t eam may provoke the memory to be changed to fit the question or the most relevant and fitting answer16.The Unreliability of Eyewitness TestimonyThe malleability of eyewitness accounts demonstrates the excessive inaccuracy of it being used as a vital evidential piece in the courts and criminal justice system. Many hypotheses have been established that suggest reasons for the valued use of eyewitness testimony. Saunders et al believe that jurors bunk to place too much faith in eyewitness testimonies however the problem lies with whether eyewitness testimony is a reliable source of evidence to use17. The inaccuracy of witness accounts is demonstrated by the various aspects that intercept with each other and substantiate hesitation for its use as evidence.The use of leading questions can quite often alter information/intelligence or can quite often misinterpreted accounts to match the information that the witness has been presented with. An experiment conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and John Parmer illustrates the fundamental interaction between language and memory in 197418. The reconstruction of an automobile destruction consisted of two experiments in which subjects were shown films of automobile accidents. After the observation, the subjects were then asked questions about the events that occurred in the films How dissipated were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The use of the word smash demonstrated higher estimations in the speed of the car as opposed to other verbs used in place of smash such as collided, bumped, contacted and hit. When the experiment was repeated a week later, the subjects who received the word smashed were more potential to agree to the question asked Did you see any broken glass? even though there was no recollection of broken glass within the video. These results shine up the theory that the questions asked in relation to an event can result in a reconstruction of a witnesss memory of that event.Though witness memory i s quite often inaccurate in that they fail to distinguish the events that had occurred, quite often, the human memory can remember erroneous events and details that may be introduced by third party interference. In the 1970s, Elizabeth Loftus conducted an experiment to demonstrate how third party interference can invalidate witness accounts by introducing false facts. Subjects were shown a slideshow of a car at an intersection with either a yield sign or a bar sign. The experimenter then asked the participants questions which falsely used the word stop sign instead of yield sign which is what was actually shown in the slideshow. The results indicated that subjects remembered seeing the false image the introduction of false cues altered the memory of the participants in the experiment. bartlett conducted an experiment in which he read a story The war of the ghosts out loud to a group of participants where he concluded that participants attempted to fit the story into their western s chemas and as a result, distorted it during recall19. This showed that they were not recalling the information exactly as it had been presented to them, but were making assumptions at the story, based on their own understanding. This correlates with what a witness may assume a criminal or crime scene may look like and therefore use this to describe the suspected. Schemas are an effective method of processing and encoding information20. The idea of schemas were originally established by Frederick Bartlett in the 1930s which involved a large number studies in which he showed ways in which participants made sense of whatever they were shown affects the way they recall it later21. For example, in one of his studies, Bartlett showed participants unfamiliar line drawings and instructed them to memorise it. Bartlett then asked his participants to talk aloud at the same time as memorising the picture. He found that different participants made sense of the figures in different ways. Later in the experiment, the participants were asked to draw the figures as they remembered them and Bartlett discovered that the schemas which they established during their initial encoding influenced their recall. Therefore, schemas may influence what witnesses may define what a criminal looks like or behaves like and this may influence their account of events.Through the questioning process that witnesses must endure, witnesses can either be questioned on a one-to-one basis where the interviewer questions the witness independently or witnesses can be questioned as a group if the incident has been witnesses by multiple people. In particular, group questioning which gives into reason the reliability of witness recollections as they may conform in order to fit each others interpretation of what happened. This conformity can purposely invalidate information as the witness does not want to be isolated from the events that the other witnesss describe as having happened. This subjective informa tion again affects the testimony because false information is being interpreted is invalid due to conformity of information.The weapons focus effect22perceives to be a result of the witnesss attention being predominantly directed towards the weapon, resulting in diversion of attention away from the situational aspects and the criminal suspect. When a witness views a crime in which a weapon is used as a method of violence and distraction, the weapon achieves its purpose in distracting the attention of those witnessing the crime. The distraction affects the witnesss attention due to the potential threat of violence. Although an incident has occurred, the attention of the witness is primarily upon the weapon so they are not observing the rest of the incident or the person who is session the threat and this causes the witness to have lack of information about the incident. This area of eyewitness psychology is known as weapon focus unfortunately this distraction results in a very poor eyewitness testimony as the witness is unable to recall events and descriptions. Unfortunately, most crimes involve the use of a weapon as a vulnerability tool, which in essence causes the stress and anxiety levels of the witness to rise and therefore will fail to encode and remember vital information.Eyewitness inaccuracy may also be a result of errors that occur within the memory process the memory is divided into three distinct stages of processing encoding, storage and retrieval. The occurrence of errors is very likely at any particular stage within the memory processing stages. Acquiring information or otherwise known as encoding is illustrated within the Yerkes-Dodson principle which according to its theorists, an increase in arousal improves performance up to a certain point. Once arousal has passed the critical point which is otherwise known as the optimum, performance tends to decline and these results in poorer memory performance. So, in essence when a person is moderately aroused, the information is encoded best as opposed to extreme arousal or stress where the information is lost or encoded insufficiently. The Yerkes-Dodson theory23demonstrates that if a witness observes a crime that is substantially violent and/or makes the witness experience high levels of fear and anxiety, they are less likely to remember any significant levels of information because of the extreme stress which results in encoding of information inaccurate. This conclusively makes their eyewitness account unreliable because they fail to remember any substantial amounts of information and detail of what happened and of the perpetrator.The question of witness account accuracy raises questions about whether the time after the incident occurred, if the account is still valid as evidence because quite often, large amounts of time and substantial interference can deteriorate the information from memory. This deterioration refers to the loss of stimulus information as a result of passe d time. The amount of time that has lapsed between the occurrence of the event and the questioning and testimony of the witness can quite often determines the amount of information the witness can recall24. This interference is due to the loss of old stimulus information caused by new stimulus information this can also reduce the accuracy of eyewitness accounts. race are more likely to overestimate the duration of brief events but on the other hand underestimate the duration of prolonged events (Penrod, Loftus and Winkler, 1982). Other psychological research has demonstrated that the presence of a weapon also reduces the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.Evaluation of Eyewitness TestimonyTaking into consideration the flaws in which eyewitness accounts may consist of, which effectively invalidates the testimony, these flaws can be avoided by both the eyewitness and the criminal justice system that use the accounts as a form of evidence.Most importantly, the way in which witness accoun ts are handled is vital in establishing a valid eyewitness testimony with as much truth as possible. The interviewing process which is conducted by the criminal justice system i.e. police, courtroom judges, need to be done in a careful and delicate way so that there is no decay or deterioration of information. Though the memory of the witnesses may differ, depending on age and memory capacity, quite often the initial first few hours after the occurrence of an incident is vital in collecting as much valid information as possible. So, the interviewing of witnesses should be conducted right after the incident when possible to avoid any decay of information and/or third party interference.In terms of the actual interviewing process, the use of leading questions should entirely be avoided unless the witness has mentioned specific events or descriptions which would not invalidate information as it has been confirmed by the witness. Leading questions25can quite often summate new informati on that the witness may not have known about and will therefore mention false information in order to fit their account with what is evidently known by the police. Specific questions that can be used in the interviewing process may help the witness to perish through their track of events which in some circumstances reveal any recollection of events without any external influence.Quite often through the criminal investigation, the witness needs to be interviewed many times to establish the course of events and important descriptions, whether this is through the crown prosecution trial or by the police. If later eyewitnesses need to be interviewed, they should be able to recall as much information that they reported initially, avoiding any extra information that they may have picked up from third party interference. So in essence, there is no uncertain information but information that the mind has remembered and rehearsed within their memory and indicates a positive recollection of e vents.Though no control can be given to what eyewitnesses will focus on and concentrate entirely on, measures on how information is collected can partially help to distinguish between valid and false information within accounts.ConclusionIt can be concluded that the use of eyewitness testimony will also be used as a vital source of evidence by the criminal justice system for years to come. Eyewitness testimony can hold vital pieces of information that cannot be retrieved from any other source, without eyewitness testimony, the police would demote it incredibly difficult to discover any potential clues and evidence of what happened or description of what the perpetrator physically looks like. Criminal cases in which there is not eyewitnesses to give evidence are usually those cases which find it incredibly hard to convict the guilty so have to rely upon other physical evidence such as CCTV, DNA, fingerprints etc.However, the use of eyewitness accounts seems to create a lot of doubt in whether it is a reliable source of evidence to be used because its accuracy is questioned based on interpretation. The use of leading questions and third party interference can decay any initial recollection of events that the eyewitness may have believed to have happened. But the human memory has flaws within itself regardless of extra information that can falsify or invalidate the recollection of what occurred and why.The initial pioneer of evaluating eyewitness evidence, Elizabeth F. Loftus26highlights the flaws of eyewitness accounts and of the human memory. The conclusions in which Loftus has discovered were advantageously used to improve quality of interviews and valid eyewitness accounts but unfortunately cannot eliminate all invalid information.So, in essence, the question as to whether eyewitness testimony is a reliable source of evidence still remains unclear on the basis that it is vital evidence which is required to collate important information. However, its reliabi lity is questioned in terms of validity and how much the witness is able to accurately recall all pieces of information especially having experienced high amounts of anxiety and stress. Eyewitness testimony will always remain a vital source of evidence but its use should be very well considered to avoid any false information or invalid convictions.

The Reconstruction Era

The Reconstruction EraCourtney GehringThe Reconstruction Era fol execrableed the abolish handst of slavery and gave hope to reconnect families and become political, social, and economic equals with the neat men who once enslaved them. Sadly, this was all false hope. The freedmen and freedwomen in the South became sucked back into a slavery by a different name type of servitude for the equal plantation owners that once owned them with no hope of becoming an equal.During the time of Reconstruction at that place were three microscope stages of correct, presidential, congressional, and radical. last chairial Reconstruction was led by President Johnson later the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson followed the same Reconstruction Plan that Lincoln had laid out return all confiscated property, political rights to all except for the highest ranking partner in crime soldiers, pardon the South on all wrongdoing, and to readmit states with 10% of its voting national.1 Congress ional Reconstruction began with the authorization of the Freedmans Bureau. This bureau was established to help and aid the freedmen after the war. Congress also nullified the Black Codes which Southern states put into law after the war to restrict African American rights and force them to work for low wages and in debt.2 Although the Black Codes were nullified, the South framed the Jim Crow laws which reenacted many of the same laws as the Black Codes and didnt officially disappear until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was flowed. The last phase of Reconstruction was the Radical Reconstruction. During this time, radicals were elected into power. Due to this, Union troop were sent into the South to help protect the freedmen and to help keep the peace. All freedmen could legally usher to vote as the 14th Amendment was passed granting African American males suffrage as it would provide them a voice and supply the freedmen with the best opportunity to fight against the autocratic clas s-legislation, as well as against individual persecution.3 During this Radical Reconstruction, 400 freedmen were elected into higher office and 16 freedmen were elected into Congress.Former slave owners became infuriated by African Americans in political offices and as a result founded the Ku Klux Klan and eradicated the Southern GOP coalition. They accomplished this by accusing the carpetbaggers and poor white southerners, of having relations with freedwomen as racial relations were illegal at this time and heavily looked down on in club. The former slave owners also convinced the poor white southerners that the freedmen were taking resources from them. Also talked them into putting racial needs before economical needs when voting. The Ku Klux Klan increased violence to discourage freedmen from voting. Another way to prevent freedmen from voting was by imposing poll taxes and by enforcing that the voter needs to know the State Constitution before they can register to vote.4The Southern economy was thrown into astonishment by the end of the way and the former slave owners now needed to re-establish a work force and the freedmen needed jobs as the government failed to provide them with an economical plan. This complication led to sharecropping, in which freedmen would rent a place to live from the plantation owner and would work for them and in return the freedmen master to keep a portion of the crops they grow.5 This forced the freedmen and women into a never ending cycle of debt as they do not have the money to pay for rent, their own tools, or for their own food this prevented them from obtaining any economic equality or freedom. The Southerners have endorsed a racial and gender hierarchy in the South. At the top are the squiffy white men and the wealthy white women, then the poor white men and poor white women, and at the bottom are the black men and black women. This hierarchy helps to prevent a Radical Reconstruction from happening again as the fre edmen and freedwomen have learned their place in southern society and possess no political or economic power.With the 1876 Presidential Election closing in, the Re cosmosan Presidential candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, promised the Democratic House of Representatives to remove the troops in the South. Hayes promised to do this in couch to win the election with the help of the South. He truly didnt care rough the South and the freedmen, Hayes cared more about the industrial revolution in the zero(prenominal)th. This became the official end of the Reconstruction Era in the united States.Question 2From the late 1870s until the early 1930s there had been a massive struggle between the farmers/ wear uponers and the big businesses of the U.S. Most businesses demanded long hours and paid their workers pennies. The workers also had to endure small cramped workspaces overfilled with people and machines. Most businesses were flyblown with smoke filled air and unsanitary conditions. Many f amilies made so little that everyone, including children, had to work. For example, at the Hickory Colliery in Pennsylvania, it was very common for boys who worked in the mines for $1-$3 a week, to end up being indebted to the company by the end of the month as he had to pay more to get to work than he got paid for the work he actually did.6Farmers, the original backbone to the economy, were now at the mercy of big corporations as well. They felt as though corporations were chipping away at their profit as they had no cover of larger necessities they needed to make a living out of farming. Businesses give care equipment dealers now controlled item costs such as harvesters and plows while other businesses like the railway systems and grain elevators could charge them more to move and store their crops. This caused farmers who were already in debt from the war to lose even more money.The first major attempt to organize workers on a discipline scale was the Knights of Labor in 1869 . sooner a secret organization created by garment factory workers, the Knights of Labor became open to all workers, which included women, African Americans, and farmers. The Knights grew slowly until after the massive railroad strike in 1885 against Jay Gould, when workers walked out on the job due to pay cuts.7 Within a year, 500,000 more people joined. The Knights of labor took a political have a bun in the oven as they sought an cardinal-hour work day, the elimination of child labor, better sanitary conditions, higher wages to match their hard work, and other reforms. The Knights of Labor fell apart(predicate) after a violent incident in the Haymarket Square in Chicago. Local anarchists got together for a protest meeting to discuss the strike at the McCormick Harvester Company, but soon police showed up to disband the meeting causing someone to throw a bomb that killed multiple policemen.8Despite the subside of the Knights of Labor, the labor movement act and was taken over by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL, under Samuel Gompers, only supported skilled workers. Gompers pick up goals were similar to the Knights of Labors as they wanted increased wages, reducing working hours and improved working conditions. Gompers helped the labor movement to turn away from the socialist ideals that earlier labor groups had embraced, and turned it into an apolitical movement.George Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, required his workers live in Pullman City and pay him rent to live there. Due to the feeling at the time, Pullman cut workers pay while still expecting the workers to pay the same price as before in rent. Three thousands of Pullmans workers went on a animal strike. A majority of the workers on strike belonged to the American Railroad Union (ARU), which was founded by Eugene Debs. Debs, a railroad fireman, created the union as he witnessed the poor working conditions of fellow railroad workers. The men all worked for low wages and some became injured or killed because of unsafe equipment. As a result of the cut wages, ARU members refused to let any train with a Pullman car to move. Hordes of ARU supporters wanted to aid in the strike and began stopping trains. Quickly, there was no trains moving west of Chicago. Railroad companies move spreading lies about Deb and the ARU. This only angered strikers. and Many of those supporting the strike stopped trains, smashed switches, and started to set fire to whatever would burn. Another cluster of rioters stopped soldiers accompanying a train. This caused a lot of casualties and well as people injured from bullets. Soon President Cleveland sent in Federal troops to put an end to the strike. This is a major part of history as it was the first time the federal army was sent in to break up a strike.The most belligerent union of the labor movement was the International Workers of the field (IWW). They represented a more radical approach to the unions and they supported the red class struggle.9 It formed from a mixture of smaller unions fighting for better working conditions out west in the mining industry. The IWW, or Wobblies, gained notability from the atomic number 27 Mine Clashes of 1903. The major issue in Colorado was the fight over the eight-hour workday. The Legislature had passed a statute limiting the workday to eight hours in dangerous industries, such as mining and smelting. But, the Colorado Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. Voters of Colorado passed a vote to approve the eight-hour workday, but the smelter owners fought any efforts to pass it. This led to the smelters going on strike. At first it appeared that they were going to win their demands without a fight, but then one of the smelter operators refused the deal given to them by the Governor of Colorado. The Governor that called in the National Guard who began arresting union leaders and strikers. The violence escalated after a mine exploded on November 21, 1903, which killed a superintendent and a foreman. The commanding officer of the National Guard announced a vagrancy order, it required the strikers to go back to work or be deported from the district. The IWW continued on to help fight for more rights in places like textile mills of Massachusetts, railcar builders in Pennsylvania, and rubber workers in Ohio.10 Sadly, the greatest motivation for proceeding against the IWW was their supremacy in organizing industries, who were crucial to the war effort, in their call for work stoppages in the midst of the war, and their refusal to stop strikes during the war time. Many of the IWW leaders were arrested under the Espionage Act. primarily the government did not intervene in these ongoing struggles between the working class and the big corporations as the government was in support of a Laissez Faire means economy. The workers were allowed to strike peacefully as it is a first amendment f reedom. Most businesses and factories ignored the workers on strike and instead hired new immigrants off the boats to work in their factories as unskilled laborers. Many companies also would deny workers the ability to become members of unions as a way of forcing their ideas that companies control who they fire, who they hire, and what they chose to pay.11A tremendous amount of reform was accomplished at the local and state level. In the tristate area, Progressives attempted to find a mind ground between the big businesses and the working class and creates the NY/NJ Port Authority. This was created as a private world service to help regulate the tolls and fees when crossing between New York and New Jersey.Although the government did enact the Sherman antimonopoly Act in 1980, it did not accomplish much as many companies avoided the law by converting their monopolies into holding companies. Congress also passed the Pure Food and do drugs Act and created the Food and Drug Administrat ion in 1906 to improve food and medicine safety for the public. This came after Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle, which highlighted that due to lack of government policies, the meat wadding industry was packaging and selling rotten meat to the consumer as well as how dirty the facilities was as the owners only cared to make money.12 While president, Wilson in 1912, created the national banking system. He also prohibited unfair business practices and outlawed full time employment of children under the age of 16. In the midst of entering World War I, the War sedulousness Board redirected industry in America to help produce and provide necessities for the war. In doing this, the board granted higher wages, eight hour workdays, and minimum wage to the workers.13During the 1920s, President Coolidge raised international tariffs and gave big businesses tax cuts. He hoped that by giving businesses tax breaks that they would use to money to create more jobs in order to help encourage peopl e of the working class to buy more. Sadly, most businesses created a few jobs and pocketed the rest of the money they relieve from the tax cuts. At this time, U.S. businesses had learned how to use better technology in order to increase productivity. Unfortunately, they needed more of a demand for the amount of products they were producing. governing body and businesses at this time introduce credit as a way to help stimulate the economy while engulfing people in consumerism. Companies, like Listerine, created ads targeted at everyday insecurities to convince more of the public that they needed their product.14Question 3On November 2, 1920 women were first able to legally vote in a presidential election. Women and activists have fought for womans suffrage for over a century and finally, in August of 1920, the women of the United States won suffrage and were finally granted equality in the public flying field. Women have fought to leave the private sphere of the home and enter int o the politics of the public sphere through the practice of maternalism, also known as public mothering. Women, such as Jane Addams and other upper class women, used the males idea that women belong in the home as a way to gain entranceway into the public sphere. Maternalism was womens way of participating in politics by using their natural maternal talent as mothers such as wipeing, feel after others, and providing care. 15Men, like Theodore Roosevelt, believed that women belong in the home as a housewife and focus on raising the children.16 Women agreed with this male ideal that they belonged in the private sphere, but as a mother they would be good at government housekeeping as politics were a mess at the time. Cities in the early 20th Century ran on corruption and that created dirty politics. Chicago itself was literally dirty, skies filled with smoke and dirt while the streets piled up with food waste and human waste. Jane Addams herself reached out to city hall to develop a public sewer system and reform the system of garbage collecting to help clean up the city.17 Addams also contributed to her social work in Chicago by creating the Hull-House, a settlement house to help the immigrants in the city to teach them English, fix them in how to safely care for their children in cities. Settlement houses started popping up around the country as a safe way to help immigrants inwardly of the major cities, and defend this major non-profit as public mothering of the immigrants.Women also used maternalism to create the Childrens Bureau (1912), the first federal agency in the United States.18 Their reasoning behind needing this federal agency was to administer birth certificates to help track of mother and infant mortality rates among the working class. Compared birth certificates and death certificates to produce and show statistics showing the high mortality rate among mothers and infants among the poor. Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, used t hese statistics to rationalize why they needed to make birth control legal and accessible. Many mothers died from having too many births as they become more dangerous the more women have. Advertised that they needed birth control in order to stay alive and to be a better mother to the children they already had.Maternalism was exceedingly successful as it got a lot of women out into the public sphere and into politics alongside of the men. Sadly, these reforms mostly only reached out to the local and state levels. The biggest downside of maternalism was that women had to agree with men and admit that they belonged in the private sphere of the home. In other terms, these women said they know that women are not equal to men. In many ways, maternalism can be seen a big success for what they accomplished but also as a failure as they reinforced the idea that women are not equal.BibliographyAddams, Jane. twenty Years at Hull-House With autobiographic Notes. 1910.Advertisement for Lister ine. 1923.Baruch, Bernard M. American Industry in the War A idea of the War Industries Board. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921.Henretta, James A., and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self. Americas History 7th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2011.Laws of Mississippi. 1865.On Child Labor. Labor Standard, 1877.Roosevelt, Theodore. The Strenuous Life. New York Review of Reviews Company, 1919.Thorpe, Francis N., ed. The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909.U.S. Congress, Senate. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C. 1865.U.S. strickle Commission. Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1895.1 James A. Henretta, and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self, Americas History 7th ed. (Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2011), 464.2 Laws of Mississippi, 1865, 82.3 U.S. Congress, Senate, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865, ex. doc. No. 2, 1-5, 8, 36-39, 41-44.4 Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States (Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909), 42120-2121.5 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 476.6 On Child Labor (Labor Standard, 1877).7 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 551.8 Ibid., 552.9 Ibid., 644.10 Ibid., 644.11 U.S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1895), 621-622.12 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 610.13 Bernard M. Baruch, American Industry in the War A Report of the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921), 65-67, 69, 100.14 Advertisement for Listerine (1923).15 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 572.16 Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life (New York Review of Reviews Company, 1919), 3-22.17 Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House With Autobiog raphical Notes (1910), 200-204.18 Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 640.

Jules Vernes A Journey to the Center of the Earth :: essays research papers

In the novel, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, author Jules Verne tells the fictitious story of three men and their adventures as they flow into the depths of the humankind. The stellar(a) character in this expedition is a fifty-year-old German professor named Hardwigg. He is an uncle to the narrator, Henry (Harry), a simple Englishman. The other man is Hans, a serene Icelandic guide. Professor Hardwigg finds a piece of parchment that written in Runic in a book. Harry finds out before his uncle that it says there is a itinerary to get into the center of the earth through a mountain (Mt. Sneffels) in Iceland. Harry is reluctant to tell his uncle the message because he is afraid his uncle will in reality want to visit the center of the earth. He was right because the professor wanted to explore as soon as possible. They head off to Iceland, and, along the way, feature Hans as their guide. The journey to the mountain itself takes a while. They reach the entrance to the cente r, and from there, they head inside. Once in the dark labyrinths, they descend (this goes on for days). The three men consequently face difficulties thirst, light, getting lost, injuries, and fatigue, were among them. They make many discoveries. They find that theres a sea, with fish and sea monsters. They find forests, giant mushrooms, animals that look like dinosaurs, and rase what seems to be giant human beings. The idea of writing this story came from a scientist who explored the crater of a certain mountain. Verne got the idea that maybe it would be possible to descend even further into the earth. Many of Vernes fantasy stories have come true in the years following his death in the year 1905. A Journey to the Center of the Earth is farthest from reality. Even with the technology we have today, it would be impossible for one to descend into the earth. For one thing, we know now that the earth cant be hollow because of extreme pressures and temperatures.People became interested in Vernes stories during his time because though they were unrealistic, they were too interesting and entertaining to hit up. Some people even believed he had traveled to the many places that he wrote of. While checking into a hotel once, the woman told him to rest well in the room because he must be tired from his many adventures.

Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions :: Fashion Clothing Clothes Style

Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social ConditionsSomething that becomes very apparent when perusing the topic of formulate is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individuals appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style hurt been primary indicators about a persons societal status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes. Deep rooted in all of us lies an inescapable treat of perceiving who an individual is based on what our eyes view. Although this process may be labeled as superficial, it is no doubt a mechanism that exists, particularly when on that point is limited additional information about someone to go on.In this century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different dexterity for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very cl ahead of time with costumes such as a 1920s flapper girl, the 1960s hippie, or the 1980s punk rocker. With deeper consideration, howev er, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time. As stated by Pasacoe (1998), The fashion of the 20s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for flying automobiles and the Charleston. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable. Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social clime is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in womens dress in the early decades of the century is because so many changes occurred regarding womens roles and rights within that same time frame.Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the mini skirt, eventually evolving into the micro mini. Many social historians relate the introduct ion of the mini skirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the free love era began. These mini skirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the social climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the end of the decade, The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment (Hoeymakers, 1999.) Fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent gained immense apprehension for his highly innovative designs during this decade. Heavily inspired by students in Paris, he introduced see-through shirts to the rest of the world, causing an initial global shock.